Contemporary runoff trends in some highland stream basins in Bulgaria     

Marina Yordanova 《GeoJournal》1996,40(4):371-378

Hydrological changes in four stream basins situated on the northern slopes of the Stara Planina range (North Bulgaria) and in the Rodopi massif (South Bulgaria) have been investigated during the 1951–1989 time period. Parallel analysis of runoff and precipitation mean annual values have been made, calculating the respective annual ratios compared to the mean of the entire range mean value. Curves of runoff and precipitation frequencies have been developed and analyzed. This investigation establishes that during the 1980s a consistent trend towards significant humidity reduction has occurred. Mean annual deviation values of the last decade compared to the entire period mean annual figure amount to 5–20% and 10–25% for the precipitation and runoff, respectively, with humidity reduction of greater amplitude in the North Bulgarian stream basins. Annual Mean deviations are due to significant moisture reduction during the warm half of the year in North Bulgaria and in the cold half in South Bulgaria. Both regions reflect zonal differences caused by climatic patterns of European if not planetary scale.  相似文献   

Limnological studies on a shallow reservoir in western Venezuela (Tulé Reservoir)     

Rita Pez  Gilia Ruiz  Rmulo Mrquez  Luz Marina Soto  Marynes Montiel  Carlos Lpez 《Limnologica》2001,31(2)

Limnological features of Tulé Reservoir, a large and shallow reservoir in western Venezuela were studied from May 1992 to December 1993. This reservoir is polymictic, with a low water transparency. Levels of nitrogen were high and phytoplankton productivity was low. The phytoplankton productivity values may be explained by the low concentrations of orthophosphate during the larger part of the sampling period and the frequent mixing and resuspension of sediments. Heterotrophic bacteria were between 1651.67 and 4365.00 Colony-forming Units/ml. Species composition of the crustacean zooplankton community was similar to other neotropical eutrophic reservoirs.  相似文献   

Estimate of the Eutrophication Process in the Gruža Reservoir (Serbia and Montenegro)     

Aleksandar Ostoji&#x;  Svetlana &#x;ur i&#x;  Ljiljana omi&#x;  Marina Topuzovi&#x; 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2005,33(6):605-613

The Gru?a Reservoir (located at 238…269 m a. s. l., volume 64.6 · 10⁶ m³, surface 934 ha, drainage area 318 km², max. depth 31 m, mean theoretical retention time 22 months) was investigated during the years 1996 to 2001. The obtained values of trophic state parameters (9…200 μg L^?1 total phosphorus, 3…99 μg L^?1 chlorophyll‐a, and 0.5…2 m transparency) indicate that water of the Gru?a Reservoir is eutrophic according to three types of classification: Carlson, OECD, and Jones and Lee. It was noticed that values of average biomass abundance are large in the Gru?a Reservoir, and they could indicate a richer trophic state. When these indices are cited in connection with parameters of the trophic state, it is apparent that the Gru?a Reservoir can be classified as a eutrophic water on the basis of total phosphorus content of chlorophyll‐a and hypertrophic water with respect to transparency.  相似文献   

Universities and knowledge-based economic growth: the case of Delft (NL)     

Marina van Geenhuizen  Hans Rijckenberg  Peter Nijkamp 《GeoJournal》1997,41(4):369-377

Knowledge about new technology is a main determinant of the competitiveness of cities and regions nowadays. It reduces the amount of uncertainty of companies in their daily operations. In addition, it is a basis for the establishment of new companies and the restructuring of old ones. The availability and use of knowledge has thus a major influence on the development of urban and regional economies. An amazingly small amount of research has been done on the knowledge capacity of cities to date, i.e. urban potentials to generate, store, transfer and use knowledge. This article explores therefore, the urban knowledge capacity in a theoretical and empirical sense. Attention will be given to essential urban knowledge activities, and to the comprehensive and complex nature of the phenomena involved. In addition, various planning tools aimed at knowledge-based economic growth will be considered, with a focus on differences between the actors involved, and opportunities and constraints for success. In the empirical part, the city of Delft in the Netherlands will serve as an example, particularly regarding local policies for knowledge-based growth. Delft is an interesting case given the abundant availability of new technology and the relatively low level of local new firm formation.  相似文献   

Influence of glass composition and alteration solution on leached silicate glass structure: A solid-state NMR investigation     

Frédéric Angeli  Marina Gaillard  Thibault Charpentier 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2006,70(10):2577-2590

A multinuclear solid-state NMR investigation of the structure of the amorphous alteration products (so called gels) that form during the aqueous alteration of silicate glasses is reported. The studied glass compositions are of increasing complexity, with addition of aluminum, calcium, and zirconium to a sodium borosilicate glass. Two series of gels were obtained, in acidic and in basic solutions, and were analyzed using ¹H, ²⁹Si, and ²⁷Al MAS NMR spectroscopy. Advanced NMR techniques have been employed such as ¹H-²⁹Si and ¹H-²⁷Al cross-polarization (CP) MAS NMR, ¹H double quantum (DQ) MAS NMR and ²⁷Al multiple quantum (MQ) MAS NMR. Under acidic conditions, ²⁹Si CP MAS NMR data show that the repolymerized silicate networks have similar configuration. Zirconium as a second nearest neighbor increases the ²⁹Si isotropic chemical shift. The gel porosity is influenced by the pristine glass composition, modifying the silicon-proton interactions. From ¹H DQ and ¹H-²⁹Si CP MAS NMR experiments, it was possible to discriminate between silanol groups (isolated or not) and physisorbed molecular water near Si (Q²), Si (Q³), and Si (Q⁴) sites, as well as to gain insight into the hydrogen-bonding interaction and the mobility of the proton species. These experiments were also carried out on heated samples (180 °C) to evidence hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups on molecular water. Alteration in basic media resulted in a gel structure that is more dependent on the initial glass composition. ²⁷Al MQMAS NMR data revealed an exchange of charge compensating cations of the [AlO₄]⁻ groups during glass alteration. ¹H-²⁷Al CP MAS NMR data provide information about the proximities of these two nuclei and two aluminum environments have been distinguished. The availability of these new structural data should provide a better understanding of the impact of glass composition on the gel structure depending on the nature of the alteration solution.  相似文献   

Records of environmental and climatic changes during the late Holocene from Svalbard: palaeolimnology of Kongressvatnet   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Piero Guilizzoni  Aldo Marchetto  Andrea Lami  Achim Brauer  Luigi Vigliotti  Simona Musazzi  Leonardo Langone  Marina Manca  Federico Lucchini  Natale Calanchi  Enrico Dinelli  Alceo Mordenti 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2006,36(4):325-351

A multi-core, multidisciplinary palaeolimnological study of the partially varved sediment of a deep, meromictic, arctic lake, Kongressvatnet (Svalbard, Western Spitsbergen), provides a record of environmental and climatic changes during last ca. 1800 years. The chronology of sedimentation was established using several dating techniques (¹³⁷Cs, ²¹⁰Pb, varve counts, palaeomagnetic correlation). A multiproxy record of palaeolimnological variability was compiled based on sedimentation rates, magnetic properties, varve thickness, organic matter, geochemistry, pigments from algal and photosynthetic bacteria, mineralogy and biological assemblages (diatoms, Cladocera). The major features recognised in our master core K99-3 include a shift in sediment source and supply (magnetic measurements, geochemistry) probably caused by glaciological changes in the catchment around 38–32 cm core depth (AD 700–820). Additional environmental changes are inferred at 20–18, 8–4.5 and 3–2 cm (AD ca. 1160–1255; 1715–1880; 1940–1963, respectively). During the past ca. 120 years a prominent sedimentological change from brownish-grey, partly laminated silt-clay (varves) to black organic-rich deposits was observed. From AD 1350 to AD1880 the sediment is comprised of a continuous sequence of varves, whereas the earlier sediments are mostly homogeneous with only a few short intercalated laminated sections between AD 860 and 1350. Sedimentation and accumulation rates increased during the last 30 years (modern warming). Pigment concentrations are very low in the lower ca. 32 cm of the core (AD 820) probably because of the high turbidity high energy environment. The high sulphur content in the uppermost 32 cm of sediment has given rise to two horizontally stratified populations of sulphur anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria, as inferred from their specific carotenoids. These bacteria populations are much more abundant during the Little Ice Age (LIA) than during warmer periods (e.g., during the Medieval Warm Period and 20th century). Diatoms are lacking from the core base up to 18 cm (ca. AD 1255); at this level, species indicative of mesotrophic water are present, whereas from 17 cm to the top of the core, oligotrophic taxa such as Staurosira construens/S. pinnata complex dominate, indicating extended ice coverage and more oligotrophic waters during the LIA. The concentration of Cladocera subfossil remains (dominated by Chydorus) are relatively high in the deepest sections (54–32 cm), whereas the upper 32 cm are characterized by a very low concentration of remains, possibly because of the strongly anoxic conditions, and in this upper sediment section rotifer resting eggs become prevalent. We interpret these changes as responses to climate forcing through its impact on glacial melt water, lake ice cover duration and mainly redox conditions in deep water. The observed changes suggest that at least some of our recorded changes may parallel the Greenland Ice core, although our study added more details about the inferred climatic changes. Further aspects are discussed, such as catchment processes, glacial activity, duration of the Medieval Warm Period, the Little Ice Age, local human activity, and limnology.  相似文献   

Diatom stratigraphy of the last 250 ka at Lake El’gygytgyn,northeast Siberia     

Marina V. Cherapanova  Jeffrey A. Snyder  Julie Brigham-Grette 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2007,37(1):155-162

Diatom species counts were conducted on 171 sediment samples from the 13-m-long core PG1351 from Lake El’gygytgyn, northeast Siberia. The planktonic Cyclotella ocellata-complex dominates the diatom assemblage through most of the core record, persisting through a variety of climate conditions. Periphytic diatoms, although less abundant, have greater diversity and greater down-core assemblage variation. During warm climate modes, longer summer ice-free conditions may have allowed more complex diatom communities to develop in shallow-water habitats, and enhanced circulation may have increased transport of these diatoms to deeper parts of the lake. Zones of low overall diatom abundance further support inferred intervals of low lake productivity during times of extended lake ice and snow cover. More data on the modern spatial and temporal distribution of diatom species in the Lake El’gygytgyn system will improve inferences from core records. This is the last in a series of eleven papers published in this␣special issue dedicated to initial studies of El'gygytgyn Crater Lake and its catchment in NE Russia. Julie Brigham-Grette, Martin Melles, Pavel Minyuk were guest editors of this special issue.  相似文献   

Diatoms from the genus Achnanthidium in flowing waters of the Appalachian Mountains (North America): Ecology, distribution and taxonomic notes     

Karin C. Ponader  Marina G. Potapova 《Limnologica》2007,37(3):227-241

Diatoms from the genus Achnanthidium are abundant in rivers, streams, and springs of the Appalachian Mountains. They inhabit clean and polluted waters, including those affected by acid mine drainage. The identification of Achnanthidium taxa is difficult due to their small cell size and insufficient information in the diatom floras. We studied the taxonomy and ecology of Achnanthidium in Appalachian rivers by analyzing a data set of benthic diatom samples and corresponding water chemistry data collected during several water-quality surveys from 181 sampling sites. Ten species were identified using scanning electron and light microscopy: A. alpestre (Lowe & Kociolek) Lowe & Kociolek, A. atomus (Hustedt) Monnier, Lange-Bertalot, & Ector, A. deflexum (Reimer) Kingston, A. duthii (Sreenivasa) Edlund, A. eutrophilum (Lange-Bertalot) Lange-Bertalot, A. cf. gracillimum (Meister) Lange-Bertalot, A. cf. latecephalum Kobayasi, A. minutissimum (Kützing) Czarnecki (sensu lato), A. reimeri (Camburn) comb. nov., and A. rivulare Potapova & Ponader. The distribution of common taxa in relation to water chemistry was studied by fitting non-parametric regression models (generalized additive models, GAM, and non-parametric multiplicative regression models, NPMR) to species relative abundances. Studied Achnanthidium species differed considerably in their responses to water chemistry. These results suggest that species-level identifications will lead to more accurate bioassessments.  相似文献   

Enhanced pumping test using physicochemical tracers to determine surface-water/groundwater interactions in an alluvial island aquifer,river Rhône,France     

Poulain  Angélique  Marc  Vincent  Gillon  Marina  Mayer  Adriano  Cognard-Plancq  Anne-Laure  Simler  Roland  Babic  Milanka  Leblanc  Marc 《Hydrogeology Journal》2021,29(4):1569-1585

Groundwater extracted from the Barthelasse Island aquifer, surrounded by the river Rhône (southeastern France), contributes to the drinking water supplies of 180,000 inhabitants. Owing to its location close to the river and the presence of two backwaters (oxbow lakes), the pumped groundwater is highly vulnerable to river pollution. A pumping test was conducted over 24 h to analyse and quantify the water exchange processes between the river, backwaters and groundwater. During the pumping test, isotopic (δ¹⁸O, δ²H and ²²²Rn), hydrochemical and hydrophysical monitoring of the groundwater was undertaken. Hydraulic heads were measured in pumping wells and at a piezometer located between the wells. Discrete water samples were collected at several observation points in the field, including the backwater and river. The results show mixing between three end-members, as defined by the deuterium excess and silica concentration, led by river Rhône water which had been affected by water–rock interactions over time and mixing with surface evaporated waters. The pumped water resulted from mixing between three end-members, all of which depended on the river Rhône but differed in terms of residence time in the system. Although the groundwater pumping wells are close to each other (<70 m) and have similar depths, the changes in the contributions from end-member waters at each well were different during the pumping test. Comparing isotopic tracers and geochemistry made it possible to quantify the different hydrological compartments that contribute to the groundwater pumped from the boreholes, which is critical in constructing a conceptual flow model.

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Annual variability of planktonic ostracods (Crustacea) in the South Adriatic Sea   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Igor Brautovi&#;  Natalia Bojani&#;  Mirna Batisti&#;  & Marina Cari&#; 《Marine Ecology》2006,27(2):124-132

Temporal variability and population structure of planktonic ostracods were investigated for the first time in the South Adriatic Sea during 1996. The maximal total ostracod abundance (1167 ind·100 m⁻³; 69% juveniles, 18% females and 13% males) was recorded in February. Thirteen species of marine planktonic ostracods were identified. Porroecia spinirostris and Archiconchoecia striata dominated the ostracod assemblage, accounting respectively for 62% and 18% of the total abundance. Their annual peaks were recorded during the cold season, which was the period of their intense reproduction, with favourable temperature conditions and lack of predators. The females surpassed the males in abundance in most species. The presence of the mesopelagic species indicated a strong influence of intermediate layer water masses from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea.  相似文献